The Flourishing Generation
A Whole of Society Strategy for Children, Youth, and AI
A whitepaper published by the Noesis Collaborative in Partnership with Leverhulme Center for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge
We believe technologies should be tools to enhance, develop, and help integrate a young person’s full range of human capabilities to achieve their aspirational goals in the communities and contexts where they live.”
About this Resource
The purpose of the Flourishing Generation Whitepaper is to address one of the most urgent policy challenges of our time: How should we design policies to advance child and youth well-being in a world of Generative AI?
This new world includes but is not limited to Generative AI (Gen AI) use in toys, gaming, mental health, assistants, social media, and AI companions. This paper is primarily focused on Gen AI that is conversational, human-like in behavior, and social in function, including general-purpose chatbots such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini.
While human development extends into a person’s mid-twenties and growth of human capabilities continues throughout the lifespan, this paper is primarily focused on children and youth from birth to the age of 18, a widely used legal boundary between minors and adults in many jurisdictions. The paper includes:
The risks and potential benefits of Gen AI use by children and youth, grounded in the principle of human flourishing.
Gaps in AI governance that often overlook the developmental needs and rights of children and youth and fail to foster human flourishing.
A design paradigm for developers and builders of AI systems to align their products to the potential benefits and ensure impacts support the full, integral development of human capabilities.
A model policy framework for AI and youth in a whitepaper for policymakers that is able to be adapted to different jurisdictions and contexts. This whitepaper will be used to inform public dialogues and debates about AI and youth policy.
Explore Our Recommendations
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Policymakers have the responsibility to put the well-being of children and youth as a north star for policy and regulation, aligning legal protections for minors with human development research. To support this responsibility, this paper puts forward a model policy framework with the following three elements:
Gen AI systems should be held to the same rigorous pre-market and post-market safety audits as high-stakes consumer goods like pharmaceuticals, toys, or car seats. These audits should establish that Gen AI products support the healthy development of human capabilities and/or do not degrade a child or youth’s capability development before market access by minors.
Restrict to adults only the use of conversational Gen AI products that mimic a rich human-like inner life (including emotions, internal states, and motivations) and encourages emotional dependence.
Restrict to adults only the use of Social AI that primarily function as companions or are specifically designed, marketed or optimized to form ongoing social or emotional bonds with users.
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Developed through collaboration with technology companies, researchers across the social and behavioral sciences, and civil society organizations, this whitepaper offers a practical approach for designing AI systems that support the healthy development of children and youth. Grounded in the science and philosophy of human flourishing, it moves beyond risk mitigation alone to provide a positive vision for how AI can strengthen human development. Our guiding design paradigm is simple:
We believe technologies should be tools to enhance, develop, and help integrate a young person’s full range of human capabilities to achieve their aspirational goals in the communities and contexts where they live.
Following from this paradigm, we recommend a set of Design Principles that can embedded throughout the development process, from model architecture and training to product design and deployment:
Protect children and youth from unvetted AI Deployment
Respect the needs and rights of children and adolescents to develop
Parents, caregivers, and youth should have confidence that engagement with these products will advance and not degrade the full range of human capabilities as children and youth develop.
Be honest about the nonhuman nature of chatbots.
Protect human-to-human intimacy and friendships.
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This whitepaper sets out a recommended ‘whole-of-society’ strategy for collective action for policymakers, industry leaders, researchers, faith communities, civil society organizations, educators, family, and young people to work together to ensure the next generation flourishes in the age of AI. We have organized the strategy around the following priorities:
Mitigate known harms and minimize extreme risks through impact audits, age assurance, and safety by design standards for child and youth-facing Gen AI products.
Invest in independent, longitudinal research, data access, and independent benchmarking of Gen AI’s impact on child and youth flourishing.
Build public and private capacity to monitor, regulate, and respond to emerging harms.
Center the voices of children, youth, and families in AI governance by structuring mechanisms that ensure their input informs product design, evaluation, and regulations.
Equip families and communities with accessible, evidence-based information and clear, plain language disclosures.
Develop positive visions for child and youth interactions with AI by convening multi-stakeholder visioning exercises that center children, youth, and families.
Co-Authors
Ron Ivey
Research Fellow, Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University
Founder and CEO, Noēsis Collaborative
Henry Shevlin
Associate Director, LeverHulme Center for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge
Program Director, Kinds of Intelligence Program
Contributors
This whitepaper draws on ideas, evidence, and discussions contributed by speakers and participants at the Gen AI and Youth Policy Workshop, hosted at Jesus College, University of Cambridge in October 2025 and by participants in a Gen AI and Youth Working Group launched at the event. Inclusion in this list reflects participation in the workshop, in the working group, contribution of frameworks, and/or contribution to the discussion that informed this paper; it does not constitute endorsement of the final text.
The following contributors developed specific frameworks, sections, or analyses that this whitepaper builds upon directly. Their contributions are noted alongside their names.
• Nathanael Fast, Professor of Management and Executive Director, Neely Center for Ethical Leadership and Decision Making, USC Marshall School of Business; Co-Founder and Co-Director, Psychology of Technology Institute: Design Principles and Practices
• Amina Fazlullah, Head of Tech Advocacy Policy, Common Sense Media: Impact and Risk Assessments
• Sam Hiner, Executive Director and Co-Founder, Young People’s Alliance: Model Policy Framework
• Ravi Iyer, Managing Director, USC Neely Center Psychology of Technology Institute: Design Principles and Practices
• Thao Ha, Associate Professor and Director of the @HEART Lab, Arizona State University: Adolescent Relational Learning
• Timothy Lomas, Research Scientist, Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University: Human Capabilities Framework
• Jonathan Teubner, Research Associate, Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University; Program Lead, Flourishing and AI Initiative: Design Principles and Practices
• Mick Tobin, Co-Founder & Advocacy Director, Young People’s Alliance: Model Policy Framework
• David Vasquez, Executive Director, Noēsis Collaborative: Collective Action Strategy
Additional Participants in the Workshop and the Working Group
• Maria Axente, Founder and CEO, Responsible Intelligence
• Dean Ball, Senior Fellow, The Foundation for American Innovation
• Adam Billen, Vice President of Public Policy, Encode
• Andrew Briggs, Emeritus Professor of Nanomaterials, University of Oxford; Executive Chair, QuantrolOx
• Ian Marcus Corbin, Founding Director, The Public Culture Project, Harvard University; Faculty, Neurology and Bioethics at Harvard Medical School; Fellow, Noēsis Collaborative
• Paddy Crump, Director, FlippGenn
• John Ehrett, Chief of Staff and Attorney Advisor, U.S. Federal Trade Commission
• Tomasz Hollanek, Assistant Research Professor at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence (LCFI); Affiliated Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science and Technology at the University of Cambridge
• Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Professor and Director of the Social Connection and Health Lab, Brigham Young University
• Will Jones, Futures Program Associate, Future of Life Institute
• Konstantinos Karachalios, Former Managing Director, IEEE Standards Association
• Martijn Lampert, Co-Founder and Research Director, Glocalities
• Brad Littlejohn, Director of Programs and Education, American Compass
• Sonia Livingstone, Professor, Department of Media and Communications, London School
of Economics and Political Science
• Kim Malfacini, Product Policy Lead, OpenAI
• Amanda McCroskery, Research Scientist, Applied AI Ethics and Governance, Google DeepMind
• Katie McNerney, Founder and Partner, Leaderfit; Senior Advisor, Noēsis Collaborative
• Andrew McStay, Director, The Emotional AI Lab; Professor of Technology and Society, Bangor University
• Amy Orben, Research Professor and Programme Leader at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge and a Fellow at St. John’s College, University of Cambridge; Lead Digital Mental Health Group
• Dorian Peters, Assistant Professor in Ethical Design at The University of Cambridge Institute for Technology and Humanity; Senior Research Associate at the Intellectual Forum, Jesus College Cambridge
• Giada Pistilli, Principal Ethicist, Hugging Face
• Jenny Radesky, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School; Co-Medical Director, American Association of Pediatrics Center of Excellence in Social Media and Youth Mental Health
• Jennifer Tacheff, Founder & CEO, Manifest Advisors
• Felicity Tan, Founding Executive Director, The Risman Foundation
• Terri Taylor, Strategy Director for Innovation and Discovery, Lumina Foundation
• Austin Tiffany, Senior Director, Good Faith Partnership; AI Faith and Civil Society Commission
• Angy Watson, Chief People and Transformation Officer, Paymentology
Launch Event Calendar
Live, virtual events coming this fall - check back for updates!
For questions, media inquiries, or opportunities to collaborate, please contact us at hello@noesiscollaborative.org
© Noesis Collaborative and the Leverhulme Center for the Future of Intelligence, May 2026. All Rights Reserved. Full references and methodology are available in the complete report.
The Research
“Overreliance on chatbots may lead to increased social isolation, reduced empathy, and unhealthy emotional attachments, which could undermine social cohesion, eroding both national security and economic prosperity.”
Source: Designing AI to Help Children Flourish, Global Solutions Journal
72% of teens have used AI Companions
33% use AI companions for social interaction and relationships
Source: Common Sense Media 2025
The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children’s CyberTipline saw a 9,270% increase in child exploitation reports involving generative AI from 2023 to 2025.
Expert Insights
Fireside Chat
Professor Sonia Livingstone, Director of LSE Digital Futures for Children Centre; Professor Henry Shevlin, Associate Director of the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence; Ron Ivey, Founder & CEO of Noēsis Collaborative
Interview
Ravi Iyer, Managing Director, USC Neely Center for Ethical Leadership and Decision Making, Managing Director of the Psychology and Technology Institute
Panel
Eugenia Keyuda, CEO of Replika; Dr. Sherry Turkle, Professor of the Social Studies of Science and Technology at MIT; Ron Ivey, Founder & CEO of Noēsis Collaborative
Questions Parents Can Ask to Assess Whether an AI Tool Is Safe for Their Child
Product Testing
Has this product been independently tested or reviewed for kid/teen safety by credible institutions? Do these tests show the impacts on mental health or development? Can the company demonstrate they are protecting the child’s right to develop?
Data Collection
What data does it collect from kids/teens, who is it given to, and how long is it kept?
Selling of Information
Does the company make money by maximizing your child’s time-on-app or selling your kid’s data to advertisers?
Chatbot Behavior
Does the chatbot mimic humanlike behavior and language to develop intimacy with your child?
Chatbot Advice
What happens when your child asks for advice on sensitive topics?
Chatbot Presentation
Does it ever present itself as a trusted authority (therapist, doctor, lawyer) or as a celebrity?
Chatbot Permissions
Is the chatbot allowed to say anything seductive or sexual in nature?
Resources
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This piece explains why AI “companions” have quickly become part of teen life—tapping into normal adolescent drives for curiosity, autonomy, and belonging—while also surfacing clear safety risks. It highlights survey findings (including how many teens use companions and how often) and offers a grounded stance for adults: set boundaries, stay curious, and build teens’ relationship skills rather than responding with panic. Read Article.
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Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools are increasingly embedded in digital services and products that are used for and in education (EdTech), raising urgent questions about their impact on children’s learning and rights. The London School of Economics and the 5Rights Foundation’s Digital Futures for Children centre take a holistic child rights approach to children’s learning to evaluate five GenAI tools used in education – Character.AI, Grammarly, MagicSchool AI, Microsoft Copilot and Mind’s Eye. Read Article
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Drawing parallels to earlier worries about online socializing, this article argues that AI companionship is different because it’s fundamentally one-sided—so it may not build the give-and-take skills teens need for real intimacy. It warns that “always-available” empathy and validation can make human friendships feel slower and harder by comparison, potentially increasing reliance on low-friction pseudo-relationships during a critical developmental window. Read Article.
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Current AI governance frameworks often overlook the developmental needs and rights of children, failing to ensure that AI technologies foster human flourishing rather than cause harm. This brief for the G20 argues that AI companies have both an opportunity and a responsibility to prioritize child well-being by designing chatbots that enhance, rather than replace, human relationships. The principles and recommendations of this brief will form the foundation of the workshop design. Read Article.
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Drawing on a review of recent literature, expert interviews, a Salon with leading technologists and scholars, and webinars with Social AI researchers, the paper explores the question: How might we design AI systems for social connectedness and human flourishing? This whitepaper provides a framework for how to think about the human choices in the design, governance, and use of AI systems and how those choices impact our social and emotional capabilities. Read Article.
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This episode frames AI relationships as a new form of “artificial intimacy,” asking what it means when a bot can feel like a therapist, friend, or partner. Turkle’s lens is less about novelty and more about consequences: how these interactions may reshape expectations of care, attention, and connection, and what we risk losing when intimacy becomes simulated and optimized. Read Article.
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This column argues that highly engaging chatbots can be especially dangerous for vulnerable users, describing how persuasive, emotionally responsive systems may foster dependency and intensify crisis situations. It calls for clearer accountability—treating safety failures not as unfortunate edge cases but as foreseeable harms that should trigger stronger guardrails and liability. Read Article.
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Part of an “All the Lonely People” series, this episode looks at startups promising to “solve” loneliness—ranging from AI relationship coaching to platforms that stage guided conversations or match strangers for dinner. The conversation probes a core tension: when tech business models compete for our leisure time, do “connection products” actually rebuild community—or just monetize the very attention that makes connection harder? Read Article.
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This interview follows a critique of “loneliness-solving” AI investments into a more nuanced agenda: designing AI that supports real-world relationships rather than replacing them. It highlights practical possibilities (like helping isolated people find groups, events, and “third places”) while naming structural risks—especially incentives to make bots ever better at mimicking empathy and intimacy to maximize time-on-platform. Read Article.
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This piece examines how chatbots are intentionally built to sound like a social actor—using first-person language to feel conversational, relatable, and “present,” rather than like a neutral tool. It raises the deeper design question underneath the grammar: when systems are optimized to feel humanlike, how does that shape user trust, attachment, and responsibility for outcomes? Read Article.
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Covering the proposed GUARD Act from Senators Josh Hawley and Richard Blumenthal, this article describes a push for bright-line protections for kids: age verification, bans (or strict limits) on minors’ access to “AI companion” chatbots, and requirements that bots disclose they aren’t human. The policy framing is explicit: these systems can emotionally influence young users, so child safety needs to be built into both product design and regulation. Read Article.
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Written from a public-health lens, this article argues that while AI companions may offer short-term soothing, they don’t replace the protective effects of real human ties on health and resilience. It reframes the debate away from novelty (“Is this cool?”) toward outcomes (“Does this measurably reduce loneliness and strengthen relationships—or subtly displace them?”). Read Article.